Cultural Erasure, Retention and Renewal - 1298 Words

Cultural Retention, Renewal and Erasure Culture can be defined as the way of the life of a people, with regards to both the material and non-material aspects. However, as a result of a developing and maturing society, in addition to the birth of various generations and external influences, these â€Å"ways of life† can be inadvertently retained, renewed and even discarded. Our own Caribbean society, specifically Barbados is not exempt from such occurrences. Cultural Erasure is the gradual removal of various traditions and customs from society. The process of cultural erasure is gradual as these practices generally make a slow but noticeable transition from a state of prominence to a rarity in everyday life. In most instances, cultural†¦show more content†¦The practice of utilising donkeys as a means of transport, building chattel houses as a means of shelter and walking to a stand-pipe as a means of water has long become obsolete. These traditions despite being the vi tal and necessary customs for survival of our forefathers are seen as inconvenient and are even looked down upon by some. It is a certain rarity to find anyone that still relies heavily upon these, especially with the evolution of the automobile, indoor water systems and alike. Cultural Retention, I would not describe as a process but more of a conscious action or attempt to not only preserve, but improve upon certain practices and customs. This will occur when a tradition not only links to a major segment of a society’s history, but when it functions as a source of identity and pride. It also works to the tradition’s advantage when it is enjoyable and/or entertaining. A very prominent example of cultural retention in the Caribbean is Independence Day celebration. All across the region, no matter the island, the anniversary of its independence is seen as a special occasion. It is an event where the entire island takes a moment to remember its history and where society recalls its roots. It is important to note that this is a period where several cultures, both new and old are observed and analysed to see how they link to the island’s history. In the island of Barbados, Independence Day is recognised yearly as a time where the allShow MoreRelatedCaribbean Studies Syllabus5959 Words   |  24 PagesCaribbean region as well as the historical evolution of Caribbean society, the cultural characteristics of the Caribbean people, and the ways in which Caribbean society and culture influence and are influenced by societies and cultures outside the region. GENERAL OBJECTIVES On completion of this Module, students should: 1. Understand the factors which have shaped Caribbean society and culture; 2. Appreciate how cultural traits evident throughout the region have resulted from Caribbean peoples’ experiences;Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesINTRODUCTION 21 in exactly the same way, or even to behave the same way from one encounter to the next. Sensitivity to individual differences is an important part of an effective manager’s repertoire. A great deal of research has been conducted on cultural differences, gender differences, ethnic differences, and age differences in organizations (e.g., Cox, 1994; Cox Beal, 1997). While we will not summarize that extensive research, we do want to highlight the importance of being sensitive to individuality

Online Dating And The Internet - 944 Words

In society today, you frequently see advertisements for online dating. Online dating is communicating with others through the internet with the objective of beginning a romantic relationship. You can join the online dating community through websites or apps. It is very common for individuals to take part in this method of dating. While some experiences with the service conclude with happy endings, you can’t be guaranteed one. There are dangerous factors when it comes to using online dating. The first online dating website was established in 1995. In the United States 49,250,000 people have tried online dating (Statistic Brain Research Institute). While most dating sites are for everyone, there are also different sites for people of specific ages, races, and religions. Most of the time you are required to fill out a survey of questions. This is so the site can evaluate your answers to find people they think you would be compatible with. You can then talk online and also make p lans to meet in person. People use these dating sites hoping to find true love. It is true that online dating services can lead you to true love and happiness. However there are many dangerous factors as well. One of those being people pretending to be someone they aren’t. Since this particular type of dating is online, people can pretend to be whoever they want to be. It is very easy to be deceived when using online dating. Whether someone is using a fake profile picture and/or fake information,Show MoreRelatedOnline Dating And The Internet Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe Case The internet has become very popular since 1990, and it plays an important role in everyone’s life. People like to connect with their friends, family and society through social media like Facebook, Snapchat and Twitter. Many websites on the internet offer online dating or match making services. Despite being a relatively young industry, online dating has already become one of the most profitable types of business found on the internet. Online dating services now attract millions of usersRead MoreOnline Dating And The Internet Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesAt this day in age, technology gives us the opportunity to complete countless tasks through the internet. The internet allows us to obtain information within a matter of seconds, go shopping without having to leave the comfort of our own homes, and communicate with others instantly. Another popular thing the internet is used for is online dating. Online dating allows you to carefully choose who you would like to interact w ith. You are provided with all sorts of filters that you can use to determineRead MoreOnline Dating Vs. Internet Dating1574 Words   |  7 Pagesto understand married people going frequenting online dating sites. I now realize after Googling married people online dating that married people using online dating services is not only a very common practice, there appear to be online dating service that target married people looking for a date or more. Many married people are finding the temptation of online dating irritable. On e website is stating that 150,000 married people join online dating sites each month and these sites are doing thereRead MoreOnline Dating Vs. Internet1162 Words   |  5 PagesJessica Gardner Professor Minnis English 1D March 9, 2015 Online Dating Online dating is one of the most over-hyped and probably one of the worst places to find someone to have a romantic relationship with. But, with social networking becoming all the rage, online dating has become a huge phenomenon that has caught trend nationwide. In todays society it is considered the norm for human connections to be initiated by internet connections. We live in a century of emails, text messages, and FacebookRead MoreOnline Dating And Its Effects On The Internet Dating World1197 Words   |  5 PagesThe internet has flipped the world on traditional relationships, and has opened up to the emergence of online, social dating. These online dating site have change the way relationships interact, gossip, flirt and communicate. However, numerous people do not understand the deception and manipulation aspect that comes with online dating. Forming a passionate relationship over the internet under false pretense can be emotionally destructive. Several studies have been perfo rmed in an attempt to explainRead MoreThe Transformation of our Society Since the Internet: Online Dating1185 Words   |  5 Pages Imagine a world without internet. There would be no emails, no Facebook, no eBay, amongst other things. Even a simple task as booking a flight or a hotel would have to be done over the phone. To think about it†¦ life as we know it would just not be the same. This new day and age has brought us to a point where it’s possible to find virtually anything on the internet, even love. Yes, online dating has become the new revolutionary way of finding your soul mate (Houran, Lange, 2004)Read MoreOnline Dating Is More And More Convenient For A Lot Of People With The Internet1531 Words   |  7 PagesOnline dating Online dating is more and more convenient for a lot of people with the development of technology. So what is online dating? Online dating is a dating system which allows people to make contact and communicate with each other over the internet. More and more people feel lonely with increasing pressure from all sides. But we cannot always get rid of loneliness! No one to share the feelings of the most lonely, so every one of us is not necessarily lonely, but inevitably lonely! FortunatelyRead MoreOnline Dating : The Negative Side Of Finding Significant Others Over The Internet1596 Words   |  7 Pagesay, 2017 Online Dating: The Negative Side of Finding Significant Others Over the Internet Before the birth of technology and social media, people approached their significant others face-to face. They encountered their future wives or husbands at schools, malls, markets, libraries or at any physical places. Everyone came to know others by recognizing their real faces, hearing their real voice, and understanding their real personalities. However, as the trend of using technological devicesRead MoreThe Online Dating Guide : Moving From Internet Chat For Real Life Love760 Words   |  4 PagesThe Online Dating Guide - Moving From Internet Chat to Real Life Love By Catherine R King | Submitted On January 27, 2014 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Catherine R King Of course, justRead MoreHow The Internet Has Become A Major Vehicle For Social Interactions1187 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Internet has become a major vehicle for social encounters in the last two decades. Through the Internet, people can interact over greater distances in a shorter period and at less expense than in the past. Since the evolution of the Internet, there is less face-to-face interaction and more communication via text messages, emails, and online chatting. This social stigma is up for much debate on how it relates to the progression in romantic relationships. This literature review focuses

Occupational Therapy Medical Diagnoses

Question: Explain the primaryand secondary medical diagnoses and all signs and symptoms commonly associated with this Occupational therapy? Answer: Mrs. Offnfalls is suffering from osteoarthritis, cataracts, kyphosis and tinnitus. Osteoarthritis is said to be an enduring degenerative illness which results in the breakdown of joint cartilages. Associated signs and symptoms are stiffness, swelling and pain. Osteoarthritis is diagnosed by its typical indications of decreased movement, pain and deformity. Osteoarthritis can also be confirmed with a MRI scan or an X-ray (McGonagle, 2010). Common associated findings are narrowing down of the space between bone joints and loss of bone and cartilage spurs and bone growth. Common signs and symptoms of cataract are blurry, foggy and cloudy vision, progressive nearsightedness or second vision, alterations in the type one sees color as the discolored lens functions as a filter, glary vision during day, double vision and abrupt modifications in glasses prescription (Sutton, 2008). The associated diagnoses may include visual acuity test, checking papillary responses and eye movements, measure pressure inside eyes and examinations of the front and back of eyes after pupils have been dilated with eye drops. Kyphosis is said to be an abnormal curve of spine because of bony abnormalities of spine. The diagnoses of kyphosis may include computerized tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging scan and bone density scan (Schoenfeld et al., 2010). Tinnitus diagnosis may include auditory assessment, MRI scan or computerized tomography scan. Symptoms include a continuous buzzing inside the ear, suffered only by the affected person (Schwalberg, 2010). This can affect concentration, life quality and sleep of the affected individual. Palliative care is considered as an interdisciplinary team approach applied for the patients living with enduring illnesses which is life threatening, so their life quality can be preserved for the rest of their lives. The unique occupational therapy perception in promoting contribution in occupations or meaningful life actions balances palliative care. Its patient centered approach and holistic care promotes an independence sense and self-efficacy amidst the living challenges with incapacitating indications. A per the scientists Jeyasingam et al. (2008) the capacity to perform daily living activities is an essential aim for individuals with severe illnesses and also has inferences for social life, relationships, work, home structure and family (Keesing and Rosenwax, 2011). Occupational therapy personnel have competencies hat are primary in and complementary to palliative care. These are understandings of human anatomy and patho-physiology and disease process; knowledge of usual medi cal processes as they are relevant to the services related to occupational therapy comprising pain management and precautions alternatives; clinical reasoning capabilities in patient centered assessment, ongoing monitoring and intervention planning and progress towards mutual identified goals; training and education with individual patients and with their family members or care providers to smooth the progress of therapy carryover throughout and further than rehabilitation process. The clinical picture of Mrs. Offnfalls mentions that she is in good health but is suffering from osteoarthritis in knees and hips, kyphosis, tinnitus and cataracts. Under medicinal administration she was performing well but had a fall. Mrs. Offnfalls was exhausted because of her frequent fall. It can be said that the condition of her osteoarthritis is the major cause of her frequent falling incidents. She has also developed bruising because of fall. The bruising has given rise to fear of falling. The doctor has referred her to home care. To relieve her from fear of falling she has been transferred to her daughters place where she received home assistance despite of her son-in-laws un-enthusiasm. From the above mentioned illnesses it is quite apparent to mention that her daily living activities have reduced to a greater extent. Therefore, she should be assisted with nursing aide to help her in her home to support her daily living activity. She has developed kyphosis and that might har m her normal movement and in this situation she should be assisted with a walking stick or a nursing assistance. The two LTGs for Mrs. Offnfalls would be daily living activity and functional transfers. The STGs for daily living activity would be dressing and walker commode. The goals to improve this patient condition require modifications of her daily living activity (Report, 2014). She requires maximum assistant in case of UE dressing. Patient will be dependant completing grooming and hygiene like: washing face, brushing teeth for the aim of recovering independence in home circumstance. Patient needs full assistant during sitting position to recover independence. Patient will complete LE dressing with help in sitting position. In this context the STG would be: patient will complete LE/UE bath with maximum assistance to get back independence. The LTG would be: patient will complete LE/UE bath at tube shower or walking shower with maximum assistance to recover independence (Wong Espiritu, 2013). She will complete toilet hygiene with full assistance to prevent breakdown in skin and also able to f eed with help to recover proper nutrition. She will perform bed mobility like transfer from bed to chair with maximum assistance for reason of independence. To achieve this goal patient will take maximum support of walking commode. Patient and care provide will manage the extent of pain with medication, positioning, rest and exercise to increase acceptance for daily living activities. The first and foremost treatment plan for Mrs. Offnfalls should include increase of her daily living activity by reducing pain because of osteoarthritis, lessening the problem of tinnitus and removing the problem of cataract. It is the healthcare professionals responsibility to understand and categorized her treatment requirements as per the priority. It is also known from the case study that bruising from frequent fall is an utmost important matter of concern. Her treatment should aim to reduce the problem of bruising and also diminishing the fear of fall. She should be assisted with physical therapist, who will assist her with light exercises so that she can regain back her joint movements in order to overcome the problem of stiffness and help her in performing the daily living activities (Rastrick, 2003). It is also known from the case study that her son-in-law is not willing to keep her with them in their resident; therefore, she should be admitted to a care home where she can be in touch with multidisciplinary health care assistance. References Keesing, S. and Rosenwax, L. (2011). Is occupation missing from occupational therapy in palliative care?.Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 58(5), pp.329-336. McGonagle, D. (2010). I-12 IMAGING IN HAND OSTEOARTHRITIS.Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 18, p.S5. Rastrick, S. (2003). Your role in the treatment plan.Vital, 1(1), pp.48-49. Report, S. (2014). Celebrating OT Month 2014: Snapshots of Occupational Therapy Education, Promotion, and Research.OTP. Schoenfeld, A., Wood, K., Fisher, C., Fehlings, M., Oner, F., Bouchard, K., Arnold, P., Vaccaro, A., Sekhorn, L., Harris, M. and Bono, C. (2010). Posttraumatic Kyphosis: Current State of Diagnosis and Treatment: Results of a Multinational Survey of Spine Trauma Surgeons.Journal of Spinal Disorders Techniques, 23(7), pp.e1-e8. Schwalberg, C. (2010). Tinnitus.CHEST, 138(4), p.1018. Sutton, A. (2008).Eye care sourcebook. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. Wong Espiritu, E. (2013). Standing Tall: A Self-Management Approach to Fall Prevention.OT.

Narrative Essay on Work and Life free essay sample

I started working there In 1992 when I was only 18 years old. I grew up In that Job, learning about life from my co-workers and my experiences with the customers. I was so dedicated to the company that the layoff took me by surprise, I never saw It coming. Looking back now, I really should have expected It, and Im surprised that they TLD let me go sooner. I realize now that I was so comfortable In my position there that I didnt see what a ad employee I was.I mean, I was good at what I did, but not at how I did it. My attitude was horrible: I felt entitled to the best shifts and acted like I was too good to waste on certain tasks. My ego was out of control and it was limiting my chances of moving up in the company but I was comfortable so I didnt see that. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Essay on Work and Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being let go was the wakeup call that I needed, even though I didnt see it that way at the time. I was forced to take a look inside myself and decide whether I wanted to stay the same or if I wanted to be the kind of man people would listen to and respect. Not long after losing that Job, I started working for Wall-Mart.Starting over in a new company at the bottom of the ladder gave me fresh perspective on things. I realized that if I wanted to move up Id have to act differently. I decided to start every day with a smile, and that the best way to be a good employee was to do any and every job that needed doing. Armed with this new attitude I have quickly moved up in the ranks at Wall-Mart and have gone farther than I was ever able to go at Toys R us. Constantly struggle with keeping my ego in check, but now I know that humility, not pride, better serves you in building a career.

A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women Essays - First-wave Feminism

A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women Essays - First-wave Feminism A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women In A Vindication of the Rights of Women Mary Wollstonecraft wanted to point out the indifferences women faced at that period in time. In the her work of literature she stated, they are treated as a kind of subordinate beings, and not as part of the human species, In this point in time women could never of gained their independence they were ruled by society itself. They had to adhere to certain standards as if it was a rule and if they broke it they were punished. Women were seen as inferiors to men. They werent allowed to get an education or even have their own ideas. The character of women in my opinion was falsified as if they had to repress their desires and goals in life. Like a mask put on and not allowed to take it off until your total existence as an individual ceases to exist. I think that the way women were treated contributed to a change. This type of change would create assertiveness in freethinking. A beginning that can lead to a woman standing up for what she believes is true. Independence and strength was needed. Society needed to see that the qualities in women were of a maternal nature as well as a prominent stature of independence. Ideas and rules should not be forced into a person brain. Women arent puppets or dolls to be moved or put in a place of limit in their own existence in life. Limits should never exist in an individuals life. What shall remain vital is knowledge and intellect in order to decisions in life as an independent unique individual.

5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers

5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers 5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers 5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers By Mark Nichol Brainstorming is useful whether you have too few ideas, or too many. It can help you whether you don’t know how to organize your thoughts, or whether you don’t even have any thoughts. But before you start, remember the first rule of brainstorming: Enumerate, don’t evaluate. Just get the ideas down, and don’t judge them or organize them until the creative phase has wound down. 1. Cubing In this strategy, a topic or idea is examined from six distinct viewpoints hence the name. Describe the topic (what is it?), compare it (what is it like or unlike?), associate it (what does it make you think of?), analyze it (what constituent parts is it made of?), apply it (how can it be used?), and argue for and/or against it (how can you support or oppose it?). Cubing was developed as a critical-thinking exercise to help students express their thoughts in opinion essays, but it can be adapted for general nonfiction writing, though it is of limited value for fiction. A similar technique is to explore three perspectives: The first is to describe the topic and its features, its constituent parts, and its challenges, and to compare and contrast it with other topics. The second is to trace the history of the topic and the influences on it throughout that history, and the topic’s evolution. The third is to map the topic to similar contemporary topics as well as to its influences, and to topics that it influences. 2. Freewriting Write. You don’t know what to write? Then write that. Just write. Have a quantitative goal: 500 words, three pages, five minutes it doesn’t matter. Just write. Do not pause in order to spell correctly or write flawlessly, and don’t go back to rewrite. Turn off your inner editor. Do not strive for coherence. Just write. Consider closing your eyes while you’re writing or typing, or turn the computer monitor off. Just write. 3. Listing If your intent is to write an essay or a review or profile, what do you want to communicate? If you wish to craft a story, which ideas and elements do you wish to convey? Jot down a list of phrases or single words you will return to later. For nonfiction, the list can consist of opinions, arguments, facts, questions, or components, or any combination of the above. For fiction, list people, places, and things, values and qualities, goals and obstacles. Don’t outline at this point. Outlining stalls the creative act of brainstorming by requiring you to evaluate and organize your thoughts. Remember, brainstorming should be an uninhibited activity. 4. Mapping Mapping, also known as clustering and webbing, is a graphic form of listing that simply involves jotting down ideas on a large writing surface and then making connections by associating similarly themed ideas with color-coded circles or underlines of distinct patterns and then indicating other relationships by linking with lines. How you produce the map, exactly, is up to you, but as with any other brainstorming tool, wait until you’ve (temporarily) run out of ideas before you begin making connections but don’t hesitate to continue recording new ideas as you marshal others. The Creately blog has a great article with several other visual brainstorming strategies you can try. 5. Researching You know the topic you want to write about, or the outline of a novel’s plot, but you don’t know how to populate the piece with ideas? Go to the reference section of a library, or call up reference Web sites. As you read about a current or past event, or a contemporary or historical issue, record the ideas in list or map form. You might find the key point you’ve been looking for, or change the one you had in favor of this new detail. If you’re planning on writing a novel, learn more about the city or country in which it takes place (even if it’s the one you live in). If it’s a historical novel, read about the social structure and cultural atmosphere of the time and place, and take notes about how people dressed, talked, ate, worked, and engaged in other quotidian activities. The Next Step If one of these strategies doesn’t work for you, try another until something clicks. Even if one does work, try more than one. Then, whichever technique(s) you’ve employed, review your result. Don’t feel that you’ve failed if your work does not yield eloquence or epiphanies, but search for whatever may help you develop your writing assignment or project. If you feel that an outline is useful, make one after you complete the brainstorming activity. If you don’t, launch into whatever part of the topic attracts your attention based on your brainstorming output. You don’t have to start at the beginning, and you don’t have to complete one part of your assignment or project before you move on to another one. Just build on your background work one piece at a time as it develops. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?The Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet15 English Words of Indian Origin

Lovelocks Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lovelocks Global Warming - Essay Example The equilibrium of the earth would be altered and even the prevention strategies that have been started will not be of any use because the damage that has already been done is irreversible. Â  Global warming is an important issue of debate but to consider it to be a cause for the end of the world within the next few decades is an exaggeration. Global warming has been an issue since the late nineteenth century. If it was a process which was going to produce disastrous effects on a very quick basis the earth would have ended by now. The steps to prevent global warming are already being taken up many countries. There have been inventions of solar and water-based cars. It is a fact that these measures would take time to come into effect but to put the blunt ending to the world without considering the efforts that are being put to save it is a very quick decision with not much evidence. Â  Global warming is an international issue which is affecting our world. It needs immediate attention with support from the people and the scientists who should look for ways and measures to prevent the catastrophic end of this world.

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized Research Paper

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized physician order entry - Research Paper Example The research problem in this study was on how medication errors can be reduced plus the impact of the CPOE (Computerized Physician Order Entry). The Institute of Medicine had filed an earlier report showing that nearly 7000 patients every year die due to medication errors. In minimizing medication errors and time wasted by nurses in the course of administering medications. The CPOE system became introduced with the sole purpose of reducing the time taken by nurses in ordering and administering medications. According to the observation Keohane and colleagues did on nurses activities, they found out that nurses spent 26.9 percent of their time in medication related activities compared to other work. Hence, the introduction of the CPOE system ought to have eased the nurses’ workflow plus to minimize medication errors. In the study conducted by Dana et al. (2011), the author agrees to the fact that their exists advantages and disadvantages of the CPOE system on the nurses after it s introduction to help reduce the nurses work flow . The literature review in Dana et al. research is quite relevant and directly related to the problem being researched (2011). In this research, the author uses recent literature reviews to get hold of the reader’s attention concerning problems nurses faced before the introduction of CPOE system. An excellent example includes Keohane and colleague studies on the amount of time nurses spent in a variety of their activities. Another example includes a research conducted by Elganzouri et al. confirming that nurses spent a lot of time in issues dealing with medications. In the two literature review, the author would like the reader to be aware of the problems that faced the nursing team before the introduction of the CPOE system, which were spending more time on medication processes plus higher rates of medication errors. The author in the literature review critically compared and appraised key studies in a good way. Research questions in this research could have been what are the impacts of CPOE system on the nurses’ workflow? What are the disadvantages of using Computerized Physician Order Entry system to the nurses? The author’s hypotheses this case is justifiable after realizing that the introduction of CPOE systems in hospitals led to minimal interaction between nurses and physicians. In terms of the literature review, the hypotheses were not related since the literature review entirely talked of the problems nurses experience before CPOE system the introduction while the theoretical rationale speaks of the impact the system had on the nurses. The researcher offers in his justification statement that so far the CPOE system would reduce the time spent by the nurses in medication processes as evidenced by a study conducted by Bate and colleagues. By the use of DeLeon and McLean model, the research was meant to find the impact of CPOE system. The author’s hypotheses were directional since they predicted the impact of CPOE system on the nurses to be either negative or positive (Dana et al., 2011). The variable of interest from the research question will be the impact of CPOE system on the workflow of the nurses (Dana et al., 2011). In accordance to the Delone and McLean IS Success model framework, dependent variables of any information system are defined as its success. It goes further to define success as a combination of variables and include systems quality, information quality, use, individual impact, user satisfaction and organizational impact. From the author, these 6 variables are less dependent o n each other than interrelated. From the research, conducted by the author, the variable being investigated is well defined. The study is predictive in nature and tries to evaluate the impact of the system on the nurses and organization in general. From his research finding, the dependent variables are organizational quality and individual quality. The independent

Minor capacity judgement Essay Example for Free

Minor capacity judgement Essay Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Options Dock Print PDF Court :  Kolkata Reported in :  (1903)30IndianAppeals114 Judge :  Lord Macnaghten; Lord Davey; Lord Lindley; Sir Ford North; Sir Andrew Scoble; Sir Andrew Wilson, JJ. Decided On :  Mar-04-1903 Acts :  Indian Evidence Act, 1877 Section 115; Indian Contract Act Sections 41, 19, 64, 65 Appellant :  Mohori Bibee and another Respondent :  Dharmodas Ghose Advocate for Respondent :  W. W. Box, Adv. Advocate for Appellant :  Watkins; Lempriere, Advs. Judgment: SIR FORD NORTH, J. On July 20, 1895, the respondent, Dhurmodas Ghose, executed a mortgage in favour of Brahmo Dutt, a money-lender carrying on business at Calcutta and elsewhere, to secure the repayment of Rs. 20,000 at 12 per cent. interest on some houses belonging to the respondent. The amount actually advanced is in dispute. At that time the respondent was an infant; and he did not attain twenty-one until the month of September following. Throughout the transaction Brahmo Dutt was absent from Calcutta, and the whole business was carried through for him by his attorney, Kedar Nath Mitter, the money being found by Dedraj, the local manager of Brahmo Dutt. While considering the proposed advance, Kedar Nath received information that the respondent was still a minor; and on July 15, 1895, the following letter was written and sent to him by Bhupendra Nath Bose, an attorney:— â€Å"Dear Sir,—I am instructed by S. M. Jogendranundinee Dasi, the mother and guardian appointed by the High Court under its letters patent of the person and property of Babu Dhurmodas Ghose, that a mortgage of the properties of the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is being prepared from your office. I am instructed to give you notice, which I hereby do, that the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is still an infant under the age of twenty-one, and any one lending money to him will do so at his own risk and peril. † Kedar Nath positively denied the receipt of any such letter; but the Court of first instance and the Appellate Court both held that he did personally receive it on July 15; and the evidence is conclusive upon the point. On the day on which the mortgage was executed, Kedar Nath got the infant to sign a long declaration, which, he had prepared for him, containing a statement that he came of age on June 17; and that Babu Dedraj and Brahmo Dutt, relying on his assurance that he had attained his majority, had agreed to advance to him Rs. 0,000. There is conflicting evidence as to the time when and circumstances under which that declaration was obtained; but it is unnecessary to go into this, as both Courts below have held that Kedar Nath did not act upon, and was not misled by, that statement, and was fully aware at the time the mortgage was executed of the minority of the respondent. It may be added here that Kedar Nath was the attorney and agent of Brahmo Dutt, and says in his evidence that he got the declaration for the greater security of his â€Å"client. † The infant had not any separate legal adviser. On September 10, 1895, the infant, by his mother and guardian as next friend, commenced this action against Brahmo Dutt, stating that he was under age when he executed the mortgage, and praying for a declaration that it was void and inoperative, and should be delivered up to be cancelled. The defendant, Brahmo Dutt, put in a defence that the plaintiff was of full age when he executed the mortgage; that neither he nor Kedar Nath had any notice that the plaintiff was then an infant; that, even if he was a minor, the declaration as to his age was fraudulently made to deceive the defendant, and disentitled the plaintiff to any relief; and that in any case the Court should not grant the plaintiff any relief without making him repay the moneys advanced. By a further statement the defendant alleged that the plaintiff had ubsequently ratified the mortgage; but this case wholly failed, and is not the subject of appeal. Jenkins J. , who presided in the Court of first instance, found the facts as above stated, and granted the relief asked. And the Appellate Court dismissed the appeal from him. Subsequently to the institution of the present appeal Brahmo Dutt died, and this appeal has been prosecuted by his executors. The first of the appellants reasons in support of the present appeal is that the Courts below were wrong in holding that the knowledge of Kedar Nath must be imputed to the defendant. In their Lordships opinion they were obviously right. The defendant was absent from Calcutta, and personally did not take any part in the transaction. It was entirely in charge of Kedar Nath, whose full authority to act as he did is not disputed. He stood in the place of the defendant for the purposes of this mortgage; and his acts and knowledge were the acts and knowledge of his principal. It was contended that Dedraj, the defendants gomastha, was the real representative in Calcutta of the defendant, and that he had no knowledge of the plaintiffs minority. But there is nothing in this. He no doubt made the advance out of the defendants funds. But he says in his evidence that â€Å"Kedar Babu was acting on behalf of my master from the beginning in this matter†; and a little further on he adds that before the registration of the mortgage he did not communicate with his master on the subject of the minority. But he did know that there was a question raised as to the plaintiffs age; and he says, â€Å"I left all matters regarding the minority in the hands of Kedar Babu. † The appellants counsel contended that the plaintiff is estopped by s. 115 of the Indian Evidence Act (I. f 1872) from setting up that he was an infant when he executed the mortgage. The section is as follows: â€Å"Estoppel. When one person has by his declaration act or omission intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true, and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative to deny the truth of that thing. † The Courts below seem to have decided that this section does not apply to infants; but their Lordships do not think it necessary to deal with that question now. They consider it clear that the section does not apply to a case like the present, where the statement relied upon is made to a person who knows the real facts and is not misled by the untrue statement. There can be no estoppel where the truth of the matter is known to both parties, and their Lordships hold, in accordance with English authorities, that a false representation, made to a person who knows it to be false, is not such a fraud as to take away the privilege of infancy: Nelson v. Stocker. 0 The same principle is recognised in the explanation to s. 19 of the Indian Contract Act, in which it is said that a fraud or misrepresentation which did not cause the consent to a contract of the party on whom such fraud was practised, or to whom such misrepresentation was made, does not render a contract voidable. The point most pressed, however, on behalf of the appellants was that the Courts ought not to have decreed in the respondents favour without ordering him to repay to the appell ants the sum of Rs. 0,500, said to have been paid to him as part of the consideration for the mortgage. And in support of this contention s. 64 of the Contract Act (IX. of 1872) was relied on:— â€Å"Sect. 64. When a person at whose option a contract is voidable rescinds it, the other party thereto need not perform any promise therein contained of which he is promisor. The party rescinding a voidable contract shall, if he have received any benefit thereunder from another party to such contract, restore such benefit, so far as may be, to the person from whom it was received.    Both Courts below held that they were bound by authority to treat the contracts of infants as voidable only, and not void; but that this section only refers to contracts made by persons competent to contract, and therefore not to infants. The general current of decision in India certainly is that ever since the passing of the Indian Contract Act (IX, of 1872) the contracts of infants are voidable onl y. This conclusion, however, has not been arrived at without vigorous protests by various judges from time to time; nor indeed without decisions to the contrary effect. Under these circumstances, their Lordships consider themselves at liberty to act on their own view of the law as declared by the Contract Act, and they have thought it right to have the case reargued before them upon this point. They do not consider it necessary to examine in detail the numerous decisions above referred to, as in their opinion the whole question turns upon what is the true construction of the Contract Act itself. It is necessary, therefore, to consider carefully the terms of that Act; but before doing so it may be convenient to refer to the Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s. of which provides that every person competent to contract and entitled to transferable property. . . . is competent to transfer such property. . . . in the circumstances, to the extent, and in the manner allowed and prescribed by any law for the time bring in force. That is the Act under which the present mortgage was made, and it is merely dealing with persons competent to contract; and s . 4 of that Act provides that the chapters and sections of that Act which relate to contracts are to be taken as part of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The present case, therefore, falls within the provisions of the latter Act. Then, to turn to the Contract Act, s. 2 provides: (e) Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement. (g) An agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void. (h) An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. (i) An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is a voidable contract. Sect. 0 provides: â€Å"All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. † Then s. 11 is most important, as defining who are meant by â€Å"persons competent to contract†; it is as follows; â€Å"Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is o f sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. † Looking at these sections, their Lordships are atisfied that the Act makes it essential that all contracting parties should be â€Å"competent to contract,† and expressly provides that a person who by reason of infancy is incompetent to contract cannot make a contract within the meaning of the Act. This is clearly borne out by later sections in the Act. Sect. 68 provides that, â€Å"If a person incapable of entering into a contract, or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. It is beyond question that an infant falls within the class of persons here referred to as incapable of entering into a contract; and it is clear from the Act that he is not to be liable even for necessaries, a nd that no demand in respect thereof is enforceable against him by law, though a statutory claim is created against his property. Under ss. 183 and 184 no person under the age of majority can employ or be an agent. Again, under ss. 47 and 248, although a person under majority may be admitted to the benefits of a partnership, he cannot be made personally liable for any of its obligations; although he may on attaining majority accept those obligations if he thinks fit to do so. The question whether a contract is void or voidable presupposes the existence of a contract within the meaning of the Act, and cannot arise in the case of an infant. Their Lordships are, therefore, of opinion that in the present case there is not any such voidable contract as is dealt with in s. 64. A new point was raised here by the appellants counsel, founded on s. 5 of the Contract Act, a section not referred to in the Courts below, or in the cases of the appellants or respondent. It is sufficient to say tha t this section, like s. 64. starts from the basis of there being an agreement or contract between competent parties, and has no application to a case in which there never was, and never could have been, any contract. It was further argued that the preamble of the Act shewed that the Act was only intended to define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contracts, and that contracts by infants were left outside the Act. If this were so, it does not appear how it would help the appellants. But in their Lordships opinion the Act, so far as it goes, is exhaustive and imperative, and does provide in clear language that an infant is not a person competent to bind himself by a contract of this description. Another enactment relied upon as a reason why the mortgage money should be returned is s. 41 of the Specific Relief Act (I. of 1877), which is as follows: â€Å"Sect. 41. On adjudging the cancellation of an instrument the Court may require the party to whom such relief is granted to make any compensation to the other which justice may require. Sect. 38 provides in similar terms for a case of rescission of a contract. These sections, no doubt, do give a discretion to the Court; but the Court of first instance, and subsequently the Appellate Court, in the exercise of such discretion, came to the conclusion that under the circumstances of this case justice did not require them to order the return by the r espondent of money advanced to him with full knowledge of his infancy, and their Lordships see no reason for interfering with the discretion so exercised. It was also contended that one who seeks equity must do equity. But this is the last point over again, and does not require further notice except by referring to a recent decision of the Court of Appeal in Thurstan v. Nottingham Permanent Benefit Building Society21, since affirmed by the House of Lords. 22 In that case a female infant obtained from the society of which she was a member part of the purchase-money of some property she purchased; and the society also agreed to make her advances to complete certain buildings thereon. They made the advances, and took from her a mortgage for the amount. On attaining twenty-one she brought the action to have the mortgage declared void under the Infants Relief Act. The Court held that, as regards the purchase-money paid to the vendor, the society was entitled to stand in his place and had a lien upon the property, but that the mortgage must be declared void, and that the society was not entitled to any repayment of the advances. Dealing with this part of their claim Romer L. J, says23: â€Å"The short answer is that a Court of Equity cannot say that it is equitable to compel a person to pay any moneys in respect of a transaction which as against that person the Legislature has declared to be void. So here. Their Lordships observe that the construction which they have put upon the Contract Act seems to be in accordance with the old Hindu Law as declared in the laws of Menu, ch. viii. 163; and Colebrookes Dig. liii. 2, vol. ii. p. 181; although there are no doubt, decisions of some weight that before the Indian Contract Act an infants contract was voidable only in accordance with English law as it then stood. The appeal, therefore, wholly fails; and their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that it should be dismissed. The appellants must pay the costs of the appeal.

A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor :: Essays on A Good Man Hard Find

In† A Good Man is Hard to Find† there are many factors that can be the theme. The theme can be about a family as a whole that lacks love for the grandmother, or about a family that goes on a trip that wound up having an accident, which puts them at the wrong place at the wrong time. Both of these themes are obvious to any reader, but it does not quite seem to match this author’s depth style way of writing. In a brief write up on Flannery O’Connor, it says â€Å"O’Connor is a moralist, she focuses an uncompromising moral eye on the violence and spiritual disorder of the world.† By knowing this about the author O’Connor we can look deeper into this story and find morals of two characters as the theme. The two characters are the Grandmother and the Misfit. Even though they are both different as night and day, they both have morals and stands by their morals no matter what.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though the Grandmother shows to be a victim of rudeness, hostile statements, and dangerous situations, she still stood by her morals regardless of the situations. In the first paragraph, the grandmother is a victim of her grandchildren and at the end, she is a victim of a murderer who ironically is much nicer to her than her own grandchildren! It is easily observed that the grandmother’s morals involve making her environment as pleasant as her personality. At the beginning, you can see how the grandchildren are making hostile comments towards the grandmother about going on the trip with them. As she sits in the back seat with the hostile children instead of allowing them to ruin her mood, she decides to point out the â€Å" interesting details of the scenery- stone mountain’s; the blue granite, the brilliant red clay banks slightly streaked with purple†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (pg 199). At the end while a victim of a murderer the grandmother still tried to make some good out of the situation. â€Å"Ain’t a cloud in the sky† he remarked. â€Å"Yes it is a beautiful day† said the grandmother. â€Å"Listen you shouldn’t call yourself misfit because I know you’re a good man at heart. I can just look at you and tell.† The grandmother said (pg 205). As stated earlier the grandmother was dedicated to keeping her moral of making her environment as pleasant as her personality!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the Misfit is a â€Å"murderer†, he also has morals.

American Policy

U. S. and China are two of the most powerful countries in the world with two very different ideologies (Cheung 1998). After Chinese communists took power in 1949, U. S. and China had been enemies until Nixon visited China in 1972 which made these two countries allies against the Soviet Union. While this good relationship did not last long, after the June 4 massacre and the collapse of the former Soviet Union and its eastern European bloc, the Sino-U. S. relations are more competitive than cooperative. Under this circumstance, the current American policy towards China should be: containment first, cooperation second.First U. S. needs to contain China’s military and political might to prevent it becoming a new Soviet Union. To achieve this, America should focus on the following tasks: first, U. S. should focus on the war of hearts and minds to spread the ideas of freedom and democracy to Chinese people (especially intellectuals and the youth); second, assist independent organiza tions human rights activists inside China; third, support American allies around China (especially Japan and Taiwan) both politically and militarily. While confronting China in many areas, U. S.and China need to cooperate on a number of important issues, such as economy, anti-terrorism, climate change, pandemic control, and nuclear non-proliferation, etc. In addition to facilitate a peaceful transformation of China, U. S. should help maintain the balance across the Taiwan Straits and assist China and Southeast Asian countries to solve the South China Sea islands disputes peacefully. To sum it up, though a democratic, free new China is in US interest, America should not push China too hard now while facing many big problems including the current economic recession.But U. S. should also be firm about its basic principles, not sending China wrong messages by saying that human rights issue should not affect the overall Sino-U. S. relationship (Clinton, as cited in Kralev, 2009). Referen ces Cheung, G. (1998). Market liberalism: American foreign policy toward China. New Jersey: Transaction Pulishers. Kralev, N. (2009, February, 21). â€Å"Clinton riles with rights remarks†. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www. washingtontimes. com/news/2009/feb/21/clinton-says-rights-take-back-seat-to-climate-chan/

Rates of Reaction Lab Investigation

Chemestry Lab Rates of Reaction (Picture from: http://sciencespot. net/Pages/kdzchem. html) The rate of reaction is how fast or slow a reaction is completed. This is important for factories and chemists all over the world. What happenes during a reaction is atoms or molecules that collide and form new molecules. You can affect this rate of reaction with: temperature of reactants or suroundings, surface area of reactants, if there is a catalyst present, but in theis lab the concentration was changed as the IV. The reaction rate is masured in change/time, in this case it was: volume of gass produced/minutes.Gas was measured in ml/minute, and this was the DV. Aim of lab was: To find the change in rate if reaction, depending on the concentration of hydrocloric acid. Hypothesis: If the concentration of hydrocloric acid is increased, the rate of reaction will increase and the volume of gass will increase. The reasoning behind the hypothesis is that when there are more molecules in the solu tion the reactants collide more often, so more product is made in a shorter periode of time. The equation was: Mg + 2HCl > MgCl2 + H2 Similar article: Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas ProducedIndependent variable| Dependent variable| Controled variables| Value| How to control the CV| Concentration of acid| Rate of reaction| Vol of acid| 20 ml| Measure using a 50ml Measuring cylinder| 2 moles pr. L| Vol of gas| Temp of acid| Room temp. | Not controlled, only montored| 1 moles pr. L| | Amount of Mg| 5 cm or ribbon/ 0. 07g| Ruler, and weight| 0. 5 moles pr. L| | Precence of catalyst| No| Not have a catalyst| 0. 25 moles pr. L| | Type of acid| Hydrocloric| Have same type of acid| Method: 1. Gather aparatus and materials, and set up as shown in diagram below aparatus list. 2. Bucket + water 3. Measure temp, in room and water 4.Fill measuring cylinder with water 5. Rubber tube + sidearmed test tube 6. Obtain 0. 08 g using a weight, place in side-armed test tube 7. 20 ml HCl of 2 moles pr. L in measuring cylinder 8. Place measuring cylinder in bucket with water, upside down, without air leaking in to the cylind er when flipped. 9. Puor HCl into side-armed testtube. 10. Start the stopwatch 11. Close the top of the side-armed test tube by placing rubber tap 12. Weight 3 min. be accurate using the stopwatch 13. Record ml of gas produced 14. Reapeat the experiment twise pr. Concentration: 2 moles pr L, 1 mole pr. L, 0. 5 moles pr. L and 0. 25 moles pr. L Aparatus list: Sidearemd testtube – Rubber plug – Rubber tube – Bucket – Water – 2x 100ml measuring cylinder – 400ml Beaker – 40 ml in each concentration type of HCl acid, 2, 1, 0. 5 and 0. 25 M. Pr. L – 8x 0. 08g of Mg ribbon – Stopwatch Raw data table showing amount of gas created in the two trials of the experiment: Concentration in moles pr. L| Trial 1 – ml og gass produced in 3 min| Trial 2 – ml og gass produced in 3 min| 0. 25| 8| 10| 0. 50| 30| 32| 1. 00| 70| 73| 2. 00| 61| 65| First proceced data table showing average of gas made: Concentration in moles pr. L| Average of trial 1 and 2 in ml of gas produced in 3 min| 0. 25| 9| 0. 50| 31| 1. 0| 71. 5| 2. 00| 63| Proceced data table showing rate of reaction: Formula used=ml of gass produced/time (in seconds) Concentration in moles pr. L| Rate of reaction calculation in ml/sec| Rate of reaction result in ml/sec| 0. 25| 9/180| 0. 05| 0. 50| 31/180| 0. 17| 1. 00| 71. 5/180| 0. 40| 2. 00| 63/180| 0. 35| Graph showing the rate of reaction: Conclusion: As the results clearly show, the rate of reaction increases rapidly and this strongly supports my hypothesis. The amount of succesfull collisions increased, because of increased number of atoms in the product, so when the concentration was increased it rate of reaction increases.There are more collisions because of more atomes, and therefor more succesfull once. Evaluation: Random errors: * Therometer used to measure temperature * Inaccuracy of +/- 1 C * Balance weight used to measure Mg ribbon * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 01 g * Measuring cylinders used to measure volume of acid and volume of gas * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 5 ml * Ruler used to measure Mg ribbon * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 1 cm Ways to prevent random errors and improve the method: – Compleet the experiment more times Systematic errors: – As you see in the graph, the fourth result was anomalus.During the 3 minutes the magnesium ribbon was â€Å"used up† in a very short period of time. The rate was so fast in the 2 moles per liter that it was over in under a minutte, but in the other concentration types it tok longer time for the reaction to compleet. Therefor we have to look away from the highest concentrations, and focus on the three lowest. This was a big weakness in the lab. – When pouring the HCl acid into the side armed test tube, some of the reaction had been compleeted before we had time to put the rubber stopper on every time. The temperature was only monitored, not controlled. Ways to reduce systematic errors and improve the lab: * Have a shorter reaction time: shorten the time form 3 min to around 1 minutte. * Use a fisle-funnle to prevent gas leaking out before the stopper is placed on the testtube. * Do the experiment in a controlled environment, like in a water bath. Sugestions to possible further investigations into this topic: You can change the IV, to one of the other factors that affect rate of reaction. Eg. Take the same concentration of HCl acid and change the temperature, or the precence of catalyst.

Horny Toad Lizard Facts (Phrynosoma)

Horny Toad Lizard Facts (Phrynosoma) The horny toad is actually a lizard (a reptile) and not a toad (an amphibian). The genus name Phrynosoma means toad bodied and refers to the animals flattened, round body. There are 22 species of horned lizard and several subspecies. Fast Facts: Horny Toad Lizard Scientific Name: PhrynosomaCommon Names: Horny toad, horned lizard, short-horned lizard, horntoadBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 2.5-8.0 inchesLifespan: 5-8 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Deserts and semi-arid parts of North AmericaPopulation: Decreasing to stableConservation Status: Least Concern to Near Threatened Description The horny toad has a squat, flattened body and a blunt nose like a toad, but its life cycle and physiology are that of a lizard. Each species is distinguished by the number, size, and arrangement of the crown of horns on its head. The lizard has spines on its back and tail that are modified reptile scales, while the horns on its head are true bony horns. Horny toads come in shades of red, brown, yellow, and gray and can change their color to a certain extent to camouflage themselves against their surroundings. Most horny toads are less than 5 inches long, but some species reach 8 inches in length. Habitat and Distribution Horny toads live in arid to semi-arid regions of North America, from southwestern Canada through Mexico. In the United States, they occur from Arkansas west to California. They live in deserts, mountains, forests, and grasslands. Diet The lizards are insectivores that prey primarily on ants. They also eat other slow-moving ground-dwelling insects (sow bugs, caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers) and arachnids (ticks and spiders). The toad either slowly forages or else waits for prey and then catches it with its sticky, long tongue. Horny toads use their sticky tongues to catch prey. Â  ebettini / Getty Images Behavior Horny toads feed early in the day. When ground temperature becomes too hot, they seek shade or dig themselves into the ground to rest (aestivation). In the winter and when temperatures drop in the evening, the lizards brumate by digging into the ground and entering a period of torpor. They may cover themselves completely or leave only their nostrils and eyes exposed. Horny toads have interesting and distinctive methods of self-defense. In addition to camouflage, they use their spines to make their shadows blurry and to deter predators. When threatened, they puff up their bodies so their large size and spines make them harder to swallow. At least eight species can squirt a directed stream of blood from the corners of their eyes up to 5 feet. The blood contains compounds, presumably from the ants in the lizards diet, that are distasteful to canines and felines. Reproduction and Offspring Mating occurs in late spring. Some species bury eggs in the sand, which incubate for several weeks before hatching. In other species, eggs are retained in the females body and the young hatch shortly before, during, or after egg-laying. The number of eggs varies by species. Between 10 and 30 eggs may be laid, with an average clutch size of 15. The eggs are about a half inch in diameter, white, and flexible. Hatchlings are 7/8 to 1-1/8 inches long. They have horns like their parents, but their spines develop later. The hatchlings receive no parental care. Horny toads reach sexual maturity when they are two years old and live between 5 and 8 years. Juvenile horny toads resemble their parents, but are smaller in size. Â  Design Pics / Getty Images Conservation Status Most horny toad species are classified as least concern by the IUCN. Phrynosoma mcallii has a conservation status of near threatened. There is insufficient data to evaluate Phrynosoma ditmarsi or the Sonoran horned lizard, Phrynosoma goodei. Some species populations are stable, but many are decreasing. Threats Humans pose the greatest threat to horny toad survival. The lizards are collected for the pet trade. In areas near human habitation, pest control threatens the lizards food supply. Horny toads are also affected by fire ant invasions, as they are selective about the ant species they eat. Other threats include habitat loss and degradation, disease, and pollution. Sources Degenhardt, W.G., Painter, C.W.; Price, A.H. Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1996.Hammerson, G.A. Phrynosoma hernandesi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64076A12741970. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64076A12741970.enHammerson, G.A., Frost, D.R.; Gadsden, H. Phrynosoma mcallii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64077A12733969. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64077A12733969.enMiddendorf III, G.A.; Sherbrooke, W.C.; Braun, E.J. Comparison of Blood Squirted from the Circumorbital Sinus and Systemic Blood in a Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum. The Southwestern Naturalist. 46 (3): 384–387, 2001. doi:10.2307/3672440Stebbins, R.C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 2003.

A Complete Fall Color and Autumn Leaf Viewing Guide

A Complete Fall Color and Autumn Leaf Viewing Guide One of natures grandest color displays - the autumn tree leaf color change - will develop as early as mid-September in the northern latitudes of North America. This annual autumn tree leaf change will manifest itself in living fall color through most of October, then wane toward the end of November in the southern part of the United States. You will have at least two months of quality autumn leaf viewing somewhere in North America. The best part about viewing the fall color is, it wont cost one red cent to enjoy - that is if you are lucky enough to live in or near a deciduous forest or have trees in your yard that express fall color. All others better get ready to pay for the experience. City escapees spend over one billion dollars each season taking in what many consider the splashiest show in nature. Autumn leaf viewing is a major vacation attraction - especially throughout New England, the central Northwoods and the Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States.  No forestry site would be complete without some mention of the October tree viewing pilgrimage - and how people can better enjoy viewing the autumn foliage. This quick leaf-viewing reference includes some basic tree leaf science and leaf viewing tips, along with enough information to enhance your next autumn leaf viewing trip. Use this guide as a starting point for your next leaf-viewing vacation. Starting Tips for Viewing Leaves Review the most beautiful trees naturally on display during fall leaf viewing season.Review these leaf silhouettes of common tree species.Get a recommended field guide to enhance the trip.Learn how to organize, build and display an autumn leaf collection.Use this field guide and key  to identify an autumn leaf by tree species. The Science of Leaf Change Fall leaf color change starts very subtly late in September and early October in temperate North America. Trees respond to such factors as autumn drying conditions, temperature change, altered sun position, and light. It takes approximately two weeks to begin and complete the fall color change so timing and a little luck are essential for the perfect view. Fall color change and flow take place as three primary waves in mixed hardwood forests. A simple flow and wave model was designed at the University of Georgia to illustrate what leaf experts call the fall color wave.   Autumn Leaf Color Change, The Anatomy of a Fall Leaf The major factor influencing autumn leaf color change is the lack of water. Not a lack of water to the entire tree, but a purposeful weaning of water from each leaf. Every leaf is affected by colder, drier, and breezy conditions and begins a process which results in its own demise and removal from the tree. The ultimate sacrifice of a leaf-bearing tree is the ultimate in visual pleasure for us. The broadleaf tree goes through a process of sealing off the leaves from the stem (called abscission). This halts the flow of all internal water to the leaf and causes a color change. It also seals the spot of leaf attachment and prevents precious moisture from escaping during winter dormancy. Fall Leaf Color Change Follows a Predictable Process of Chemical Leaf Change This lack of water to each leaf causes a very important chemical reaction to stop.  Photosynthesis, or the food-producing combination of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, is eliminated. Chlorophyll must be renewed (by photosynthesis) or be taken in by the tree along with photosynthetic sugar. Thus chlorophyll disappears from the leaves. Chlorophyll is the green you see in the leaf. Once the overwhelming chlorophyll color is removed, true leaf colors will dominate over the receding green pigment. True leaf pigments vary with the species of tree and thus the different characteristic leaf colors. And because true leaf colors are water-soluble, that makes the color disappear very quickly after drying out. Carotene (the pigment found in carrots and corn) causes maples, birches, and poplars to turn yellow. The brilliant reds and oranges in this fall landscape are due to  anthocyanins. Tannins give the oak a distinctively brown color and are the final persistent color most leaves turn before becoming part of the forest floor.   The  Virginia Tech Dendrology  department has two fascinating time-lapse films, one on a leaf turning color and one on a forest turning into autumn gold.   Viewing the Autumn Leaves University of Georgia silvics professor, Dr. Kim Coder, suggests there are ways you can predict how  beautiful a fall leaf color display will be. These simple predictors use known information and apply some common sense to forecast a season with surprising accuracy. By reviewing Dr. Coders key predictors, you will increase your chances of seeing the best leaves at just the right time.   TheFall Color Hotline Probably one of the best resources available online for leaf viewing information is the National Forest Fall Foliage Hotline, though you shouldnt expect to find up to date information until late September of the current leaf season. This federal phone hotline offers you information on viewing leaves in and around the U.S. National Forests and Parks. It is brought to you by the USDA Forest Service and is updated every year to reflect changing conditions and new sites.

Heritage tourism - The city Bath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Heritage tourism - The city Bath - Essay Example The increasing heritage tourism of the city of Bath is directly providing huge revenues to the UK tourism industry. However, the attention was given to the city of Bath after its recognition as a World Heritage Site. In the last few years, a major portion of budget has been allocated to the promotion of Bath City tourism industry, which has positively contributed to its tourism industry. This is also supported by the previous studies. The year 2009 is going to be an important year in the history of tourism industry of the UK because Government has brought various changes in its tourism policy. Although because of financial global crisis, the tourism industry of the UK has faced a decline however, it is expected that with new tourism strategy the situation would get better. Hence, the heritage tourism of the city of Bath and urban tourism of the other cities of the UK provide great opportunities to boost profits of UK tourism industry.

Western Art and Contemporary Chinese Painting Essay

Western Art and Contemporary Chinese Painting - Essay Example The essay "Western Art and Contemporary Chinese Painting" examines to what extent has contemporary Chinese painting been influenced western art both abstract and representational. The art prevailing in different areas of the world have numerous distinct factors as well as traits in common. The Chinese painting is a distinguished sector in World Art which contemporarily has innovations of western art in it. Investigation on the matter becomes significant for the academics on World Art as contemporary sector is in flourish nowadays. The people in China attached to Chinese painting demonstrate the mix of traditionalism from Chinese as well as western. Aesthetics of a nation is something that has substantial traits of entire evolution of the cultural setup of the society. Study on the topic necessitates prior identification of both traditions and the tools and techniques used in those specifically. The characteristics are recognized for them followed by analysing market for the same. The history leads researchers to remember renowned names from the field which resulted in the comparison of their works. Influences are offered by Chinese as well as western mutually which is seen in the contemporary works of both sectors. As an overall fact, real time boom in Chinese painting is being recognized through the study on the matter. Many of the current artists from China adopt complete western approach for their paintings rather than a merge of Chinese and western. Though it is accepted widely, this trend can ruin.

Business Strategies of PriceWaterhouseCoopers Term Paper

Business Strategies of PriceWaterhouseCoopers - Term Paper Example The researcher states that the main mission of PwC is to support and stimulate excellence in the realm of education with a special emphasis on higher education and also for the preparation for a career in professional services. The principal objective of PwC today, is to establish itself highly in the area of professional services by catering to the related needs of the various market segments. The firm works towards maximizing the overall effectiveness of an organization. PwC assists its network of clients by responding with alacrity to the opportunities by taking upon strategic initiatives that are both forward-looking and also enable the organizations to retain its competitive edge. The key proposition of the company for its clients is â€Å"strategy as execution† which refers to the creation of a pragmatic strategy aimed at execution right from the point of the design of the strategy. This essay discusses how in order to realize this, firm adopts a collaborative approach f iguring out the ‘how’ and ‘what’ relating to strategy execution right from the beginning. The firm addresses various agendas of the CEO or the Board, starting from a health check of the strategy to its deployment. The firm’s network of strategic growth market works towards serving the evolving needs and unique challenges faced by fastest growing companies across the globe. The firm works towards making a difference by adapting its resources, capabilities and experience as per the requirements of the business.

Women’s Health Policy in Australia

Women’s Health Policy in Australia Introduction: Women’s health policy in Australia was realised in the year 1989.policy was introduced taking into account the well-being of all the Australian women and being committed to provide them with better health care facility. Approach has been to provide the priorities to two things significantly-one was to address current and future health whereas the other focuses on structure of fundamental ways by which the society impacts the women’s health. However, after the revising of the policy in the year 2010, the policy has still certain limitations. Despite of the significant change made by the Australian Government in the women’s health policy, the major challenges that the policy was facing is to address the inequalities, persisting between the women in Australia especially the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, encounter particularly more terrible health than the overall public (National Women’s Health Policy 2010, 2015). A scope of socially built dete rminants can affect in light of the capacity of a few gatherings of Australian women to get to the assets expected to keep up great health. A key continuous health test is to address these disparities. Some health issues, for instance, danger variables, for example, heftiness and psychological well-being especially nervousness and melancholy have ended up expanding issues for women in the course of the most recent two decades. Challenges in the National Health Policy of Australia: National health policy in Australia should concentrate more on gender equality as it has failed to do that in past few years. Moreover, the women population, which includes Aboriginal and Torres Islander women (ATSI), women of culturally, and linguistically background, socio-economically disadvantaged women, women from rural and remote areas, older women and those women who live alone in residential aged care facilities have been facing major challenges in the health concerns, which the government has also failed in achievement (National Women’s Health Policy 2010, 2015). The policy also overlooked to address the issue of health inequalities and Socio Economic disadvantage. The major concerns, which the policy overlooks, are: Anticipation of ceaseless maladies through the control of danger variables; focusing on perpetual ailment, for example, cardiovascular sickness, diabetes and growth, and additionally hazard components, for example, heftiness, sustenance, physical latency, liquor and tobacco utilization. The approach likewise supports a clearer comprehension of the connection of women’s lives, including the obstructions that forestall women taking up healthier way of life practices. Emotional wellness and health; focusing on nervousness, sadness and suicide. Sexual and conceptive health; focusing on access to data and administrations identifying with sexual health, regenerative health, safe sex works on, screening and maternal health. The significance of the health of moms preceding origination, amid pregnancy and in the post-natal period can have a significant and long haul affect all alone health and that of their youngsters. Sound maturing; focusing on muscular-skeletal conditions, inability and dementia. The approach highlights that the social, monetary and ecological conditions under which women live and age can influence their experience of maturity. In expansive measure, a hefty portion of the late state exercises has served to enhance access. In the range of health scope, states have made critical advances. States have been on the front line of an extensive variety of protection commands that have served to give guaranteed women in some states scope for contraceptives, direct access to OB/GYNs without a referral, and compulsory scope of a wide scope of key screening administrations of significance to women all through their lifespans (Service, 2015). Most low-pay pregnant women are qualified for pre-birth care scope under Medicaid and numerous states have exploited more prominent government adaptability to widen Medicaid qualification principles that permit more low-salary folks to fit the bill for scope. Medicaid has additionally been utilized as an critical vehicle to enhance access to family arranging administrations for low-salary women in numerous states; and another government law gives expresses the chance to expand scop e to uninsured low-salary women with bosom or cervical disease. It likewise gives noteworthy monetary security to women who are seniors or have inabilities. Health protection scope is a basic consider making human services moderate and open to women. Among the 97 million women ages 19 to 64 dwelling in the U.S., most had some type of scope in 2013. Then again, crevices in private division and freely supported projects left more than one in six women uninsured. This factsheet surveys significant wellsprings of scope for women dwelling in the U.S. in 2013 (the latest year that information is accessible from the US Bureau of the Census), for the year preceding, the Affordable Care Acts (ACAs) significant scope extension and talks about the feasible changes and effect of the law on women’s scope in future years. Policymaking: In June 1987, the Minister for Community Services and Health, Dr Neal Blewett, selected a Special Adviser, Ms Liza Newby, to coordinate the advancement of a National Womens Health Policy. In October of that year, the Australian Health Ministers Advisory Chamber (AHMAC) secured a Subcommittee on Women and Health to report to it and to the Australian Health Ministers Conference (AHMC) on matters influencing the health of women. The Commonwealth, State, Territory and non-government individuals from the Subcommittee worked with the Special Adviser to build up the arrangement. In February 1988 Womens health: a structure for change. A talk paper for group remark and reaction was issued. The paper laid out a structure for change, and based on health concerns needs, which women had recognized in different State arrangement surveys, conferences, meetings and exploration. However, the common opinion or purview from all the categories of women was avoided, which could have been included in the policymaking. That would have helped the policy to be more effective and would have been more effective with overall aspects and conditions of women in all the aspects (Womens health, 2015). The report of the Better Health Commission (1986) and the consequent Health for all Australians report embraced to the Australian Health Pastors (1988) underscore the need to change disparities in health status and in access to health administrations by the socially and monetarily impeded. The meetings on the National Plan for Women recognized women’s health and women’s entrance to health administrations as a significant issue for women and of considerably more noteworthy concern to Aboriginal, ethnic and confined women. Noteworthy change in the health of women needs an agreeable also, composed approach by Commonwealth, State and Territory governments, open and private health administrations, proficient and union associations, and the group (Armstrong, Gillespie, Leeder, Rubin, Russell, 2007). Contents of the policy: The Womens Health Policy is in view of a comprehension of health inside a social connection as accentuated by the World Health Association and supported by the Australian Government in its national strategy Health for all Australians. This perspective perceives that (NATIONAL WOMENS HEALTH POLICY, 2011): Health is controlled by a wide scope of social, ecological, financial and natural elements; Contrasts in health status and health results are connected to sexual orientation, age, financial status, ethnicity, incapacity, area and environment; Health advancement, ailment anticipation, value of access to suitable and moderate administrations, and reinforcing the essential health awareness framework are important, alongside high quality disease treatment administrations; and Data, discussion and group advancement are vital components of the health methodology. Women’s health strategy must envelop the greater part of a woman’s lifespan, furthermore, mirror women’s different parts in Australian culture, not simply their conceptive part. Women’s health strategy must plan to advance investment that is more prominent by women in choice making about health administrations and health strategy, as both shoppers and suppliers. Women’s health strategy must perceive women’s rights, as health care buyers, to be treated with poise in a domain, which accommodates security, educated assent and secrecy. Women’s health approach must recognize that educated choices about health and human services require available data, which is properly focused for diverse financial, instructive and social gatherings. Women’s health approach must be in view of precise information and exploration concerning women’s health, women’s perspectives about health, also, procedures which most adequately address women’s health needs. Components of the National Womens Health Policy: The suggestions for executing the National Womens Health Arrangement are taking into account the five need activity ranges that were affirmed by women in the conferences and entries. They moreover adjust to universal and national health strategy methods of insight, activities and needs. In the Policy report the destinations and coveted results for every activity range are expressed, and bolstered by the suggestions and proposed usage approaches (Cox, 2010). The National Womens Health Policy suggestions incorporate recommendations for: A National Womens Health Program; and Activity in different projects or in different parts directed by the Region, States and Territories. The National Womens Health Program (NWHP) is proposed for a starting five-year period as a Commonwealth-State-Territory cost imparted system. Subsidizing suggestions identify with the need regions for activity with an accentuation on the recognized health issues for women. Activity in different projects or parts is notwithstanding the suggestions for subsidizing under the National Womens Health Program. These further suggestions of the National Womens Health Policy are for advancement and execution inside States, Domains and the Commonwealth to attain to both short and long haul enhancements in health administrations for women. Various these suggestions oblige another approach, and not so much more financing (NATIONAL WOMENS HEALTH POLICY, 2011). Synopsis of proposals in need zones for activity Need territory no.1: Improvements in health administrations for women NWHP financing proposals are proposed for undertakings to: add to a system of imaginative group based and controlled administrations and extraordinary projects in doctors facilities which address some then again the majority of a scope of distinguished issues. Samples could incorporate enlisting a multidisciplinary group to give data, administrations and exercises identifying with menopause for either non-English talking women or women from non-English talking foundations or to give directing backing to female exploited people of viciousness; Research extended parts for medicinal services experts and their compensation, for example, different options for charge for-administration; secure quality confirmation guidelines and results in discussion with women in different ranges, for example, healing centre and group maternity administrations and break and bolster administrations for women as carers; create nearby women’s health arrangements in view of a composed essential human services approach. The extra suggestions identify with the exceptional needs of country women, carers, young women, more seasoned women, women at work, Aboriginal women, NESB women, and women with handicaps, enhanced participation between parts which have an influence on health; the privileges of clients of health and related administrations and issues of educated assent; sex issues and roughness; the proceeded with execution of disease avoidance and health advancement crusades and the improvement of new approaches. Need range no.2: Provision of health data for women. NWHP financing suggestions are proposed for ventures to: add to a women’s health data method, especially for distraught gatherings of women, in distinguishment of the requirement for social and phonetic affectability in materials; plan, distribute and appropriate data and training materials concentrating on concurred need regions. Themes may incorporate choices for ripeness control, pregnancy and postnatal wretchedness, incontinence, and the proper utilization of meds; distinguish need regions and impalement women’s health training furthermore, avoidance crusades which would utilize radio, TV, ethnic and women’s print media, social insurance suppliers, health focuses, schools and working environments; create bundles for consideration in self-improvement program for young women and young men on women’s health issues of pertinence to youngsters, to incorporate issues, for example, sexuality, viciousness, and a positive mental self-portrait; assemble women’s health workshops biennially. Extra suggestions identify with enhancing and growing current data procurement and dispersal, adding to a national health interpretation administration, supporting current activities on aggressive behavior at home, activities to build women’s comprehension of whats more, support in medicinal services exploration, and successful trade of data crosswise over government divisions (Women’s Health Insurance Coverage, 2015). Need territory no.3: Research and information gathering on women’s health NWHP financing proposals are proposed to: -bolster various particular examination extends in key territories such As similar levels of medicinal intercession, egg. Caesarean area, hysterectomy, sedative medicine rates; assessment trials of intercessions in essential consideration settings which add to enhanced health results for women; and extended assessment of current screening for breast and cervical tumours and the needs of carers; bolster social research in women’s health. Samples of points Proposed incorporate sexual ill-use and long haul psychological well-being, anticipation of incontinence, over medicalization of typical life occasions and life stresses, and conventional methods for watching over more established Aboriginal women; build up an arrangement of health status markers which are delicate to women’s health issues; and -survey health enactment. Extra suggestions identify with analysing existing health exploration subsidizing sources with a perspective to expanding stipends relating to women’s health issues; creating and utilizing proper women’s health markers; more extensive investigation of existing and new information; and Utilizing different overviews to upgrade comprehension of health issues and the consideration of sexual orientation data in all information bases. Need region no. 4: Womens investment in choice making on health NWHP subsidizing proposals are proposed to: backing women’s health associations; -urge women to take part in health administrations choice -making by creating model mindfulness bundles and creative ventures; and -enhance job value in the health workforce. Extra suggestions identify with expanding women’s cooperation in choice making as specialists; as individuals from choice making sheets and councils; as customers; and in arrangement, program whats more, research at all levels. It has additionally been prescribed to build or extend women’s health or proportionate units. Need zone no.5: Training and instruction for compelling health care NWHP subsidizing suggestions are proposed to: proceed with instruction in women’s health though health could not care fewer experts. Extra suggestions identify with including modules and courses on women’s health in undergrad and postgraduate curricula for all health experts; contact by instructive organizations with health experts and customers in creating courses; curricula also, modules; including a scope of handy encounters (Womens Policy, Research Resource Links, 2015). This include the dynamic interest and educated assent of women, counting in group settings in the preparation of restorative specialists; creating a joint working gathering to create composed national systems in health proficient tertiary preparing for women for combination into the National Plan of Action on Women in Education; Further advancement of proceeding instruction for essential health awareness labourers, carers and unpaid labourers. Conclusion: The extent of state-level approaches influencing women’s entrance to human services is truly broad. States have been on the cutting edge of a extensive variety of protection commands that have served to give protected women in some states scope for contraceptives, direct access to OB/GYNs without a referral, and required scope of a wide scope of key screening administrations of significance to women all through their lifespans Likewise, there has been some key enactment at the state level that has brought about confined access to specific administrations, and in different ranges that are vital for women, there has been restricted activity. For instance, access to foetus removal administrations has been progressively restricted by arrangements that force holding up periods, oppressive regulations on premature birth suppliers, and confinements on teenager access without parental assent. Likewise, in numerous imperative ranges, for example, encouraging access to crisis contraception on the other hand commands on critical screening administrations for normal diseases, for example, chlamydia, states have been generally dormant. Subsequently, access to human services administrations is still dangerous for some women in the United States. Bibliography NATIONAL WOMENS HEALTH POLICY. (2011, Feb 7). Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/womens-health-policy-toc~womens-health-policy-es National Women’s Health Policy 2010. (2015, Apr 11). Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/3BC776B3C331D5EECA257BF0001A8D46/$File/NWHP_access_final.pdf Women’s Health Insurance Coverage. (2015, Apr 11). Retrieved from http://kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/womens-health-insurance-coverage-fact-sheet/ Womens health. (2015, Apr 11). Retrieved from http://www.healthdirect.gov.au/womens-health Womens health. (2015, Apr 11). Retrieved from The RACGP Curriculum for Australian General Practice 2011: http://curriculum.racgp.org.au/statements/womens-health/ Womens Policy, Research Resource Links. (2015, Apr 11). Retrieved from http://www.theindex.org.au/WomensPolicyResearchLinks.aspx Armstrong, B. K., Gillespie, J. A., Leeder, S. R., Rubin, G. L., Russell, L. M. (2007). Challenges in health and health care for Australia. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2007/187/9/challenges-health-and-health-care-australia Cox, D. (2010, Dec 30). Women Critical of new health policy. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au/national/women-critical-of-new-government-health-policy-20101229-19aa5.html Family, K. (2003). Women’s Access to Care:A State-Level Analysis of Key Health Policies. Retrieved from https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/table-of-contents.pdf Service, A. G. (2015, Apr 11). NATIONAL WOMENS HEALTH POLICY ADVANCING WOMENS HEALTH IN AUSTRALIA. Retrieved from http://awhn.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/38_NationalWomensHealthPolicysummary.pdf

What is Education? :: Learning Learn Scholastic Essays

What is Education? To really think about what education is, it is practically anything we view it to be. Whether it may be formal or informal schooling, such as learning about the way mobs are run from your uncle, Fat Tony or someone, education is all these things. Of course, growing up I tend to have had this notion that education only involved Math, English, Science, and History, and now as I reflect, I thought about how stupid I was to think that. I know now that education is, and always will be anything we view it to be. I have learned a great deal from my formal schooling, but the education I seem to treasure most are the experiences I learn in life. When I think about all the situations I have been through and having been able to learn something from it is just simply a wonderful thought. I like it best when James Spayde said that the whole world around us is like a big classroom in which we are always constantly learning. In addition, another saying that has also caught my attention was when Mik e Rose said in his article, Lives on the Boundary, "Education is like one culture embracing another (107)." And through these statements, I have come to realize that though the classroom education is important, it seems that learning in your own environment, through experiences and trials, is the most priceless education of all. In the following paragraphs, I will explore the many ways in which education can be anything we view it to be in respect to bell hooks article, Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education, Mike Rose article, Lives on the Boundary, and Jon Spayde's article, Learning in the Key of Life. In bell hooks article, she talks about an essential main point that seems to resonate through her whole article, that point being talks about assimilation. Looking through her eyes and seeing the process of assimilation through them, we can see how she views what education is. Before talking about this whole topic about assimilation, we first need to look at some facts that lead up to the topic at hand. When hooks was given the opportunity to learn at Stanford University, she took the opportunity to do so. The first problem she faced was with her parents. Hooks mother expressed to her that she did not want her to go so far away from home and that the colleges around there were just as good.

Organizational Controls

The Lincoln Company follows a decentralized approach to management. The decentralized approach is when employees participate in setting goals, determining standards of performance, governing quality, and designing control systems. The decision making is not confined to top executives but throughout the organization. The lowest level managers and employees are empowered to make decisions. The employees have added responsibility and they are involved in decision making which results in increased job satisfaction. The responsibility and the authority that goes with it make the job more interesting and provide greater incentive for people to put out their best efforts. The employees of Lincoln Electric Company tasks are precisely defined, and individual employees must exceed strict performance goals to achieve top pay. The Lincoln employee’s organization culture is based on trust, shared control, and an egalitarian spirit. The Lincoln Company has an open door policy. The company has cross functional teams and they are empowered to make decisions, take responsibility for product planning, developing, and marketing. The company openly shares information with the workers throughout the organization about the company’s operations and finances. The Lincoln system was so successful in the United States mainly because of a diverse control approach. Within this company the organizational culture is based on openness, trust, and shared control. As opposed to the hierarchical approach which involves monitoring and influencing employee behavior through extensive use of rules, policies, and written documentation, and the employees communicate with their immediate superior and with their immediate subordinates. The Lincoln Company use of this system gained trust with the workers. The employees can purchase stock, and they owned more than 60% of the stock. The incentive and control system was powerful with incentives that the company offered to employees. This included a no lay off policy, the employees are eligible for annual bonuses, the production workers are paid on a piece rate basis, plus merit pay based on performance. The company had an open door policy and the workers can openly disagree with the manager about pay and other issues. The problem with transporting Lincoln’s control systems to other national cultures because managers in some other countries have more trouble running an open book company because of prevailing attitudes and standards encourage confidentiality and even secrecy concerning financial results. The executives when deciding to expand to different countries may have just concentrated on technology, products, marketing, and control systems, but failed to recognize that the culture of countries may have widely different beliefs, values, and practices. These differences can create stress and anxiety for employees, and these negative emotions affect future performance. Cultural differences should be evaluated during the acquisition process, and Organization Development can be used to smooth the integration of this company to another country. Another helpful tool to make future international manufacturing plants more successful that is being used more often is total quality management. It is a way to implement the decentralized approach to another county. Total quality management uses quality circles and benchmarking as ways to introduce this approach to employees. The organization development will help the company with a culture change which is a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mind set of an organization. It focuses on the human and social aspects of the organization and works to change attitudes and relationships among employees and helps strengthen the organization’s capacity for adaption and renewal. Lincoln Company should not borrow money and pay bonuses to the United States Workers. I think employees would rather have a job, than the company going bankrupt.